Page 84 - Education for Development:George Psacharopoulos University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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                  learning has been a hot subject in the literature. In Colombia, vouchers were

                  given randomly to low-income students in order to attend private secondary
                  schools. Angrist et al. (2002) found positive effects of private school enrollment
                  on grade progression and test scores. Similarly, in India, vouchers given

                  randomly to public school students in order to attend private schools raised test
                  scores in a cost-effective way (Muralidharan and Sundararaman, 2015).
                       Evidence from PISA and other studies shows that students in private

                  schools exhibit higher learning outcomes than students in public schools. In 16
                  OECD countries and 10 partner countries, private school students outperforms
                  their public school counterparts by 30 points in reading scores. Much of this
                  difference remains after adjusting for socioeconomic background. OECD

                  concludes that private schools benefit the individual students who attend them,
                  although not raising the level of performance of the school system, as a whole

                  OECD (2011c).
                       School choice and vouchers are an anathema in most country institutional-
                  political settings –. Yet several studies have shown that when there is school
                  choice, as in the Netherlands, students are doing better (Dronkers, 2003).

                       Several studies have found achievement advantages of private schools
                  (Rouse, 1998; Hoxby, 1998; Green et al., 1999). Neal (1997) finds that urban

                  minorities gain the most, having a 26 percentage points increased probability
                  graduating from high school graduation. Hoxby (2001) reports that competition
                  between public schools raises student achievement at a reduced cost.
                       Belfield and Levin (2002) reviewed over 41 empirical studies in the US,

                  on the effects of competition on educational outcomes, such as test scores,
                  graduation rates, wages and teacher quality. Most studies found that increased

                  competition improves outcomes and has the strongest effects for low-income
                  students. Increased competition raises school quality, effectiveness and
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