Page 491 - 2020新世代·新需求：臺灣教育發展的挑戰研討會

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scale. According to World Bank’s (2016) statistics, the top emigration countries of
tertiary-educated in Asia include India (2.22 million), Philippines (1.53 million),

China (1.50 million), Vietnam (0.52 million), Pakistan (0.45 million) and Iran (0.43
million). In addition to the super giant of India and China, Philippines and Vietnam
has seen huge tertiary-educated population leaving the countries for overseas
residence. Combining India, China, Philippines and Vietnam, the possible outbound

talent number is more than 5.77 million. This can be a very huge human capital
loss if they don’t have any contribution to their homeland. These outgoing talents
mainly go to European and North American countries and some choose to stay in
East Asian region. Lack of accurate number of their mobility destinations makes it

difficult to estimate what is the scale of such movement.
On the other hand, probably due to the effort of these outflow talents from
Global South, the rising level of remittance is also taking place globally. The
remittance generally represents the money transferred by the migrant back to their

home countries. These who advocates for brain drain tend to believe the net loss of
talent as the education cost involved. However, a further exploration of remittance
can reveal a slightly different scenario worldwide. In Figure 5, there are three major
resources flowing to developing countries including foreign direct investment

(FDI), remittance and ODA. Compared to the stagnant increase of ODA since the
1990s, the total amount of FDI and remittance has risen substantially. As far as
the remittance is concerned, this figure jumped from US$ 74 billion in 2000 to
US$ 431 billion in 2014, more than five times. With respect to ODA, the increase

rates have been very marginal, confirming the very limited contribution from the
Global North and these East Asian countries. The obvious growth of remittance
reflects a fact that these outflow talents did financial support for their home
countries. The total amount of money they send back was even three times more

than ODA provided in 2014. Among the top 10 remittance-receiving countries

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