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274 ᐿၾආӉjԃٙɢඎ
ఠeۃԊ
ٝᗆᇻۉ೯࢝ٙʦ˚dɛɢ༟๕՟˾ոϞৌబၾІ್༟๕dϓމ
ٟึၾ೯࢝ٙࣨːd৷ԃҳ༟༹ϓމٙ೯࢝ࠠᓃdˈՉ
݊৷ܓ೯࢝jጐீཀԃܔͭʮ͏จᗆeኑၳᗆdԃ৷ሯඎɛ
ɢ༟๕Ϋ㉿ٟึdᄣආ͏ᘩنɢAutor, 2014; Demeuse, Frandji, Greger,
& Rochex, 2012; World Bank, 2018f
৷ԃҳ༟ӺᏐʺՙ൳excellenceאӋʮ̻equityk
εᅰჯਹႩމவՇ٫ٙࣨːᄆ࠽ၾʫ݊ላ߉dޟЇ݊ʝ͆ٙjฏЭٙ༟
͉лଟฏʔʮ̻dႩމ̙˸ʺࣖଟdˀʘd੶ሜʮ̻ۆึᙼ
ޒࣖଟHartman & Boyd, 1998; Van den Branden, Van Avermaet, & Van
Houtte, 2010dՉഐ؈݊Ӕഄ٫εਗ਼༟๕Ꮄҳءίʺՙ൳ϾڢӋ
ʮ̻Green, 1983; Heckman, 2011f
್Ͼdԃਂމɛٙਿ͉ᛆूd࿁ʮ̻ٙൡӋൖމٟึ༸ᅃၾ͍
່ٙ࿎ᜑdৰաɛᛆ༶ਗʿՅഁᛆл܁ԊഃʮߒࡇኬᑌΥՅഁᛆ
л܁Ԋd1959dһ݊ఢਿٟึڗჃ೯࢝ٙ̀ࠅૢOrganization for
Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2018af৷࿁
ԃٙҳ༟dϓ؈˸࢝ତኪ͛ኪ୦ڌତٙҷഛdШӺ͵ܸ̈ԃ
ӻ୕ʔ̻ഃତᎇഹኪ͛ኪ୦ڌତϓڗϾᜊɽiһ˿ɛೌجટաٙ݊d
ԃʔ̻ഃ੬ձՉ˼ʔ̻ഃତʝމΪ؈jࢮැኪഁίኪ୦ཀהו
աٙʔ̻ഃdַФՑʈЪٙʔଣซd˸ʿЭܓٟึਞၾDemeuse et al.,
2012; OECD, 2018afɰఱ݊Ⴍdᙼޒʮ̻ٙՙ൳ԃdਗศٙʔ˟݊
ԃӻ୕d͵ਗ਼ᓒɽٟึၾࢨ൷iٟึݴਗ̰ٙঐdʔසਗ਼ڜኺ
ɛʑᆑঐٙ೯౨dɰԴఄ̰ܵᚃ೯࢝ዚึd༆ࡈ͏˴݁طՓ
OECD,2018b; Schleicher, 2014f
ၽᝄוᛕኊ˖ʷෂ୕d2000ϋۃٙᓿাኪাᇐఱܸ̈ԃٙࠠࠅd